Planet Proxima Centauri b

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A low-mass planet candidate orbiting Proxima Centauri at a distance of 1.5 au
2020 DAMASSO M., DEL SORDO F., ANGLADA-ESCUDE G., GIACOBBE P., SOZZETTI A. et al.
Science Advance, 6, eaax7467
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Revisiting Proxima with ESPRESSO
2020 MASCARENO A., FARIA J., FIGUEIRA P., LOVIS Ch., DAMASSO M. et al.
Astron. & Astrophys., submitted
arxiv

Stellar Proton Event-induced surface radiation dose as a constraint on the habitability of terrestrial exoplanets
2020 ATRI D.
MNRAS, 492, L28
paper  arxiv  

Diverse outcomes of planet formation and composition around low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
2020 MIGUEL Y., CRIDLAND A., ORMEL C., FORTNEY J. & IDA S.
MNRAS, 491, 1998
paper  arxiv  

Searching for the near infrared counterpart of Proxima c using multi-epoch high contrast SPHERE data at VLT
2020 GRATTON R., ZURLO A., LE COROLLER H., DAMASSO M., DELSORLO F. et al.
Astron. & Astrophys., 638, A120
paper   arxiv

A Preliminary Mass for Proxima Centauri C
2020 BENEDICT F. & McARTHUR B.
Res. Notes AAS, 4, 46
paper

Orbital inclination and mass of the exoplanet candidate Proxima c
2020 KERVELLA P., ARENOU F. & SCHNEIDER J.
Astron. & Astrophys., 635, L14
paper   arxiv

Proxima Centauri b: A Strong Case for including Cosmic-Ray-induced Chemistry in Atmospheric Biosignature Studies
2020 SCHEUCHER M., HERBST K., SCHMIDT V., GRENFELL J., SCHREIER F. et al.
ApJ, accepted
arxiv  

The UV surface habitability of Proxima b: first experiments revealing probable life survival to stellar flares
2020 ABREVAYA X., LEITZINGER M., OPPEZZO O., ODERT P., PATEL M. et al.
MNRAS, 494, L69
paper  arxiv  

The Single-mode Complex Amplitude Refinement (SCAR) coronagraph: II. Lab verification, and toward the characterization of Proxima b
2020 HAFFERT S., POR E., KELLER C., KENWORTHY M., DOELMAN D., SNIK F. & ESCUTI M.
Astron. & Astrophys., 635, A56
paper  arxiv  

The Effect of Substellar Continent Size on Ocean Dynamics of Proxima Centauri b
2020 SALAZAR A., OLSON S., KOMACEK Th., STEPHENS H. & ABBOT D.
ApJ. Letters, 896, L16
paper   arxiv

Ozone chemistry on tidally locked M dwarf planets
2020 YATES J., PALMER P., MANNERS J., BOUTLE I., KOHARY K. et al.
MNRAS, 492, 1691
paper  arxiv  

Implications of different stellar spectra for the climate of tidally-locked Earth-like exoplanets
2020 EAGER J., REICHELT D., MAYNE J., LAMBERT F., SERGEEV D. et al.
Astron. & Astrophys., in press
paper   arxiv

High-resolution reflection spectra for Proxima b and Trappist-1e models for ELT observations
2020 LIN Z. & KALTENEGGER L.
MNRAS, 491, 2845
paper  arxiv  

Risks for Life on Proxima b from Sterilizing Asteroid Impacts
2020 SIRAJ A. & LOEB A.
ApJ. Letters, submitted
arxiv

A Multi-Year Search For Transits Of Proxima Centauri. II: No Evidence For Transit Events With Periods Between 1-30 Days
2019 FELIZ D., BLANK D., COLLINS K., WHITE G., STASSUN K. et al.
Astron. J., 157, 226
paper  arxiv  

NEAR: First Results from the Search for Low-Mass ­Planets in a Cen
2019 KASPER M., ARSENAULT R., KÄFT U., JAKOB G., LEVERATTO S. et al.
The Messenger, 178, 5
paper  

Dim Prospects for Transmission Spectra of Ocean Earths Around M Stars
2019 SUISSA G., MANDELL A., WOLF E., VILLANUEVA G., FAUCHEZ Th. & KOPPARAPU R.
ApJ, submitted
arxiv  

RefPlanets: Search for reflected light from extra-solar planets with SPHERE/ZIMPOL
2019 HUNZIKER S., SCHMID H., MOUILLET D., MILLI J., ZURIO A. et al.
Astron. & Astrophys., in press
paper  arxiv  

Surface Imaging of Proxima b and Other Exoplanets: Albedo Maps, Biosignatures, and Technosignatures
2019 BERDYUGINA S. & KUHN J.
Astron. J., 158, 246
paper  

Estimating Planetary Mass with Deep Learning
2019 TASKER E., LANEUVILLE M. & GUTTENBERG N.
Astron. J., accepted

Characterizing Exoplanet Habitability
2019 KOPPARAPU R., WOLF E. & MEADOWS V.
Book chapter for "Planetary Astrobiology"
arxiv  

Model of the Search For Extraterrestrial Intelligence with Coronagraphic Imaging
2019 VIDES Ch., MACINTOSH B., BINDER B., DE ROSA R., RUFFIO J.-B. & SAVRANSKY D.
Astron. J., 158, 207
paper  arxiv  

Transition from eyeball to snowball driven by sea-ice drift on tidally locked terrestrial planets
2019 YANG J., JI W. & ZENG Y.
Nature Astronomy, in press
paper  

Flaring activity of Proxima Centauri from TESS observations: quasi-periodic oscillations during flare decay and inferences on the habitability of Proxima b
2019 VIDA K., OLAH K., KOVARI Zs., van DRIEL-GESZTELYI L. & MOOR A.
ApJ, 884, 160
paper  arxiv  

Phytoclimatic mapping of exoplanets
2019 STEVENSON D.
Int. J. Astrobiol., in press
paper  

Planetary Magnetic Field Control of Ion Escape from Weakly Magnetized Planets
2019 EGAN H., JARVINEN I., MA Y. & BRAIN D.
MNRAS, 488, 2108
paper  

Bias and robustness of eccentricity estimates from radial velocity data
2019 HARA N., BOUE G., LASKAR J., DELISLE J. & UNGER N.
MNRAS, in press
paper  arxiv  

Impact of Stellar Superflares on Planetary Habitability
2019 YAMASHIKI Y., MAEHARA H., AIRAPETIAN V., NOTSU Y., SATO T. et al.
ApJ, accepted
arxiv  

Directly testing gravity with Proxima Centauri
2019 BANIK I. & KROUPA P.
MNRAS, 487, 1653
paper  arxiv  

Temporal changes of the flare activity of Proxima Cen
2019 PAVLENKO Y., SUAREZ MASCARENO A., ZAPATERO OSORIO M., REBOLO R. , LODIEU N. et al.
Astron. & Astrophys., in press
paper  arxiv  

Impact of Space Weather on Climate and Habitability of Terrestrial Type Exoplanets
2019 AIRAPETIAN V., BARNES R., COHEN O., COLLINSON G., DANCHI W. et al.
Int. J. Astrobiol., in press
paper

Proxima Centauri b is not a transiting exoplanet
2019 JENKINS J., HARRINGTON J., CHALLENER R., KURTOVIC N., RAMIREZ R. et al.
MNRAS, 487, 268
paper  arxiv  

Searching for Atmospheric Bioindicators in Planets around the Two Nearby Stars, Proxima Centauri and Epsilon Eridani—Test Cases for Retrieval of Atmospheric Gases with Infrared Spectroscopy
2019 LEGER A., DEFRERE D., GARCIA MUÑOZ A., GODOLT M., GRENFELL J. et al.
Astrobiology, 19, 797
paper  

Observation of a possible superflare on Proxima Centauri
2019 KIELKOPF J., HART Rh., CARTER B. & MARSDEN S.
MNRAS, 486, L31
paper  arxiv  

High Resolution Spectroscopy and High Contrast Imaging with the ELT : looking for O2 in Proxima b
2019 HAWKER G. & PARRY I.
MNRAS, 484, 4849
paper  arxiv  

Habitable Climate Scenarios for Proxima Centauri b With a Dynamic Ocean
2019 DEL GENIO A., WAY M., AMUNDSEN D., ALEINOV I., KELLEY M. et al.
Astrobiology, 19, 99
paper  arxiv  

Dynamical evolution and stability maps of the Proxima Centauri system
2019 MENG T., JI J. & DONG Y.
MNRAS, 482, 372
paper  arxiv  

Detection of a Millimeter Flare From Proxima Centauri
2018 MACGREGOR M., WEINBERGER A., WILNER D., KOWALSKI A. & CRANMER S.
ApJ Lett, 855, L2
paper  arxiv  

Was Proxima captured by alpha Centauri A and B?
2018 FENG F. & JONES H.
MNRAS, 473, 3185
paper  arxiv  

Exocomets in the Proxima Centauri system and their importance for water transport
2018 SCHWARZ R., BAZSO A., GEORGAKARAKOS N., LOIBNEGGER B., BANCELIN D. et al.
MNRAS, 480, 3595
paper  

Searching for the Transit of the Earth--mass exoplanet Proxima~Centauri~b in Antarctica: Preliminary Result
2018 LIU H.-G., JIANG P., HUANG X., YU Zh-Y., YNAG M. et al.
Astron. J., 155, 12
paper  arxiv  

Habitability of exoplanet waterworlds
2018 KITE E. & FORD E.
ApJ, 864, 75
arxiv   paper  

Direct detection and characterization of M-dwarf planets using light echoes
2018 SPARKS W., WHITE R., LUPU R. & FORD H.
ApJ, 854, 134
paper  arxiv  

Interstellar Mission Communications Low Background Regime
2018 LUBIN Ph., MESSERSCHMITT D. & MORRISON I.
Astron. J., submitted
arxiv  

Implications of Captured Interstellar Objects for Panspermia and Extraterrestrial Life
2018 LINGAM M. & LOEB A.
Astron. J., 156, 193
paper  arxiv  

On the bio-habitability of M-dwarf planets
2018 MANDELL A.
ApJ, accepted
arxiv  

A Multi-Year Search For Transits Of Proxima Centauri. I: Light Curves Corresponding To Published Ephemerides
2018 BLANK D., FELIZ D., COLLINS K., WHITE G., STASSUN K. et al.
Astron. J., 155, 228
paper  arxiv  

Project Blue: Visible Light Imaging Search for Terrestrial-class Exoplanets in the Habitable Zones of Alpha Centauri A and B
2018 MORSE J., BENDEK E., CABROL N., MARCHIS F., TURNBULL M. et al.
White Paper to the US National Academy of Sciences
arxiv  

Implications of Neutron Star Mergers for Extraterrestrial Civilizations
2018 LOEB A.
Sci. Amer.
arxiv  

On the Biohabitability of M-dwarf Planets
2018 WANDEL A.
ApJ, 856, 165
paper  

The First Naked-Eye Superflare Detected from Proxima Centauri
2018 HOWARD W., TILLEY M., CORBETT H., YOUNGWOOD A., PARKE LOYD R. et al.
ApJ. Letters, 860, L30
paper  arxiv  

The chemical composition of α Cen AB revisited
2018 MOREL Th.
Astron. & Astrophys., accepted
arxiv  

The Breakthrough Starshot System Model
2018 PARKIN K.
arxiv  

Characterizing the atmosphere of Proxima b with a space-based mid-infrared nulling interferometer
2018 DEFRÈRE, D., LÉGER, ABSIL, O., MUNOZ, A., GRENFELL, J. et al.
SPIE
arxiv  paper   ADS  

A simple optimized amplitude pupil mask for attempting to direct imaging of Proxima b with SPHERE/ZIMPOL at VLT
2018 PATAPIS, P., KÜHN, J, & H.M. SCHMID
SPIE 2018
arxiv  ADS  

Hydrohalite Salt-albedo Feedback Could Cool M-dwarf Planets
2018 SHIELDS, A. & R. CARNS
ApJ, 867, 11
paper   arxiv   ADS  

Physical constraints on the likelihood of life on exoplanets
2018 LINGAM, M. & A. LOEB
Int. J. of Astrobiol., 17, 116
paper  

Exoplanet Terra Incognita
2018 BERDYUGINA S., KUHN J., BELIKOV R. & TUTYSHEV S.
arxiv  

Optical Detection of Lasers with Near-term Technology at Interstellar Distances
2018 CLARK J. & CAHOY K.
ApJ, 867, 97
paper  

Computing the minimal crew for a multi-generational space travel towards Proxima Centauri b
2018 MARIN F. & BELUFFI C.
JBIS, accepted
arxiv  

Reduced Diversity of Life Around Proxima Centauri and TRAPPIST-1
2017 LINGAM M. & LOEB A.
ApJ, 846, L21
paper  arxiv   ADS  

Evaporation of planetary atmospheres due to XUV illumination by quasars
2017 FORBES J. & LOEB A.
MNRAS, 479, 171
arxiv   article   ADS  

The Surface UV Environment on Planets Orbiting M-Dwarfs: Implications for Prebiotic Chemistry & Need for Experimental Follow-Up
2017 RANJAN S., WORDSWORTH R. & SASSELOV D.
ApJ, submitted
arxiv  

The full spectral radiative properties of Proxima Centauri
2017 RIBAS I., GREGG M., BOYAJIAN T. & BOLMONT E.
Astron. & Astrophys., accepted
arxiv  

Cosmic Rays near Proxima Centauri b
2017 STRUMINSKY A., SADOVSKI A. & BELOV A.
ApJ
arxiv  

Relativistic Light Sails
2017 KIPPING D.
Astron. J., submitted
arxiv  

Optimized trajectories to the nearest stars using lightweight high-velocity photon sails
2017 HELLER R., HIPPKE M. & KERVELLA P.
Astron. J., 154, 115
paper  arxiv  

Exploring the climate of Proxima B with the Met Office Unified Model
2017 BOUTLE I., MAYNE N., DRUMMOND B., MANNERS J. GOYAL J. et al.
Astron. & Astrophys., 601, A120
paper  arxiv  ADS

Is Proxima Centauri b habitable? -- A study of atmospheric loss
2017 DONG C., LINGAM M., MA Y. & COHEN O.
ApJ. Letters, 837, L26
paper  arxiv  

Probabilistic Constraints on the Mass and Composition of Proxima b
2017 BIXEL A. & APAI D.
ApJ Lett, accepted
arxiv  

Deceleration of high-velocity interstellar photon sails into bound orbits at α Centauri
2017 HELLER R. & HIPPKE M.
ApJ. Letters, 835, L32
paper   arxiv   ADS

On the eccentricity of Proxima b
2017 BROWN R.
ApJ, 844, 100
arxiv   paper   ADS  

On the Orbital Inclination of Proxima Centauri b
2017 KANE S., GELINO D. & TURNBULL M.
Astron. J., 153, 52
paper  arxiv  ADS  

Upper limits for Mass and Radius of objects around Proxima Cen from SPHERE/VLT
2017 MESA D., ZURLO A., MILLI J., GRATTON R., DESIDERA S. et al.
MNRAS, 466, L118
paper  arxiv  ADS  

No Conclusive Evidence for Transits of Proxima b in MOST photometry
2017 KIPPING D., CAMERON Ch., HARTMAN J., DAVENPORT J., MATTHEWS J. et al.
ApJ, 153, 93
paper  arxiv  ADS  

Infrared Flares from M Dwarfs: a Hinderance to Future Transiting Exoplanet Studies
2017 DAVENPORT J.
Res. Notes AAS, 1, 2
paper  arxiv  

Surface Imaging of Proxima b and Other Exoplanets: Topography, Biosignatures, and Artificial Mega-Structures
2017 BERDYUGINA S. & KUHN J.
ApJ, submitted
arxiv  

ALMA Discovery of Dust Belts Around Proxima Centauri
2017 ANGLADA G., AMADO P., ORTIZ J., GOMEZ J., MACIAS E. et al.
ApJ Lett, 850, L6
paper  arxiv  

The Pale Green Dot: A Method to Characterize Proxima Centauri b using Exo-Aurorae
2017 LUGER R., LUSTIG-YAEGER J., FLEMING D., TILLEY M., AGOL E. et al.
ApJ, 837, 63
paper  arxiv  ADS

Theoretical Validation of Potential Habitability via Analytical and Boosted Tree Methods: An Optimistic Study on Recently Discovered Exoplanets
2017 SAHA S., BASAK S., BORA K., SAFONOVA M., AGRAWAL S. et al.
arxiv  

NEAR: Low-mass Planets in α Cen with VISIR
2017 KASPER M., ARSENAULT R., KÄFL H.-U., JAKOB G., FUENTESECA E. et al.
Messenger, 169, 16
paper  

A Candidate Transit Event around Proxima Centauri
2017 LI Y., STEFANSSON G., ROBERTSON P., MONSON A., CANAS C. & MAHADEVAN S.
Res. Notes AAS, 1, 49
paper  arxiv  

Future Exoplanet Research: Science Questions and How to Address Them
2017 SCHNEIDER J.
Exoplanet Handbook (Springer), in press
arxiv  

Atmospheric characterization of Proxima b by coupling the SPHERE high-contrast imager to the ESPRESSO spectrograph
2017 LOVIS Ch., SNELLEN I., MOUILLET D., PEPE F., WILDI F. et al.
Astron. & Astrophys., 599, A16
paper  arxiv  ADS

Constraints on Super-Earths Interiors from Stellar Abundances
2017 BRUGGER B., MOUSIS O., DELEUIL M. & DESCHAMPS F.
ApJ, 850, 93
paper  arxiv  

Obliquity and Eccentricity Constraints For Terrestrial Exoplanets
2017 KANE S. & TORRES S.
Astron. J., 154, 204
paper  arxiv  

Stellar Coronal and Wind Models: Impact on Exoplanets
2017 VIDOTTO A.
In "Handbook of Exoplanets" (Springer)
arxiv  

Searching for Faint Comoving Companions to the α Centauri system in the VVV Survey Infrared Images
2017 BEAMIN J., MINNITI D., PULLEN J., IVANOV V., BENDEK E. et al.
MNRAS
arxiv  

Tidal Locking of Habitable Exoplanets
2017 BARNES R.
Cel. Mech. & Dyn. Astron., 129, 509
arxiv   paper  

Detecting Proxima b's atmosphere with JWST targeting CO2 at 15 micron using a high-pass spectral filtering technique
2017 SNELLEN I., DESERT J.-M., WATERS R., ROBINSON T., MEADOWS V. et al.
Astron. J., 154, 77
arxiv   paper   ADS  

Could photosynthesis function on Proxima Centauri b?
2017 RITCHIE,R., LARKUM & A., RIBAS, I.
Int. J. Astrobio., 17, 147
paper  

The Cosmic Shoreline: The Evidence that Escape Determines which Planets Have Atmospheres, and what this May Mean for Proxima Centauri B
2017 ZAHNLE, K. & D. CATLING
ApJ, 843, 122
arxiv  paper   ADS  

Implications of tides for life on exoplanets
2017 LINGAM M. & LOEB A.
Astrobiology, 18, 967
arxiv   ADS   paper  

The Detectability of Radio Auroral Emission from Proxima b
2017 BURKHART B. & LOEB A.
ApJ. Letters, 849, L10
paper  arxiv  

Interstellar communication. I. Maximized data rate for lightweight space-probes
2017 HIPPKE M.
Int. J. Astrobiol., in press
paper  arxiv  

Flare activity and photospheric analysis of Proxima Centauri
2017 PAVLENKO Y., SUAREZ MASCERANO A., REBOLO R., LODIEU N., BEJAR V. et al.
Astron. & Astrophys., 606, A49
paper  arxiv  

The habitability of Proxima Centauri b II. Possible climates and Observability
2016 TURBET, M., LECONTE, J., SELSIS, F., BOLMONT, FORGET, F. & 3 additional authors
Astron. & Astrophys., 596, A112
paper  arxiv  ADS  

Exploring plausible formation scenarios for the planet candidate orbiting Proxima Centauri
2016 COLEMAN, G., NELSON, R., PAARDEKOOPER, S.-J., DREIZLER, S., GIESERS, B. & 1 additional author
MNRAS, submitted
arxiv  paper   ADS  

The Habitability of Proxima Centauri b I: Evolutionary Scenarios
2016 BARNES, R., DEITRICK, R., LUGER, R., DRISCOLL, P., QUINN, T. & 10 additional authors
Astrobiology, submitted
arxiv  paper   ADS  

Biofluorescent Worlds: Biological fluorescence as a temporal biosignature for flare star worlds
2016 O'MALLEY-JAMES, J. & L. KALTENEGGER
ApJ, submitted
arxiv  paper   ADS  

A terrestrial planet candidate in a temperate orbit around Proxima Centauri
2016 ANGLADA-ESCUDÉ, G., AMADO, P., BARNES, J., BERDIÑAS, Z., BUTLER, R. & 26 additional authors
Nature, 536, 437
paper   arxiv   ADS

Geomagnetic properties of Proxima Centauri b analogues
2016 ZULUAGA, J. & S. BUSTAMANTE
ApJL, submitted
arxiv  paper   ADS  

MOST Observations of our Nearest Neighbor: Flares on Proxima Centauri
2016 DAVENPORT, J., KIPPING, D., SASSELOV, D. & 2 additional authors
ApJ. Letters, 829, L31
paper  arxiv  ADS  

Possible Internal Structures and Compositions of Proxima Centauri b
2016 BRUGGER B., MOUSIS O., DELEUIL M. & LUNINE J.
ApJ. Letters, 831, L16
paper  arxiv  ADS

Proxima's orbit around Alpha Centauri
2016 KERVELLA P. & THEVENIN F.
Astron. & Astrophy., 598, L7
paper  arxiv  ADS

Effects of Proxima Centauri on Planet Formation in Alpha Centauri
2016 WORTH R. & SIGURDSSON S.
ApJ, 831, 170
paper  arxiv  ADS  

Optical, UV, and X-Ray Evidence for a 7-Year Stellar Cycle in Proxima Centauri
2016 WAGERLIN B., SAAR S., POJMANSKI G., DRAKE J. & KASHYAP V.
MNRAS, in press
paper  arxiv  

The Space Weather of Proxima Centauri b
2016 GARRAFFO C., DRAKE J. & COHEN O.
ApJ. Letters, 833, L4
paper  arxiv  ADS

The habitability of Proxima Centauri b. I. Irradiation, rotation and volatile inventory from formation to the present
2016 RIBAS, I., BOLMONT, E., SELSIS, F., REINERS, A., LECONTE, J. & 7 additional authors
Astron. & Astrophys., 596, A111
paper  arxiv  ADS  

Prospects for Characterizing the Atmosphere of Proxima Centauri b
2016 KREIDBERG, L. & A. LOEB
ApJL, 832, L12
paper  arxiv  ADS  

Proxima reloaded: Unravelling the stellar noise in radial velocities
2016 DAMASSO M. & DEL SORDO F.
Astron. & Astrophy., 599, A126
paper  arxiv  ADS

Perturbation of Compact Planetary Systems by Distant Giant Planets
2016 HANSEN, B.
MNRAS, submitted
arxiv  paper   ADS  

Tutorial models of the climate and habitability of Proxima Centauri b: a thin atmosphere is sufficient to distribute heat given low stellar flux
2 GOLDBLATT, C.
ApJL, submitted
arxiv  paper   ADS  

Interferometric Astrometry of Proxima Centauri and Barnard's Star Using Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor 3: Detection Limits for sub-Stellar Companions.
1999 BENEDICT F., MCARTHUR B., CHAPPELL D., NELAN E., JEFFERYS W., Van ALTENA W., LEE J., CORNELL D., SHELUS D., HEMENWAY P., FRANZ O., WASSERMAN L., DUNCOMBE R., STORY A., WHIPPLE A. & FREDRICK L.
Astron. J.,, 118, 1086
paper  

Photometry of Proxima Centauri and Barnard's Star Using HST Fine Guidance Sensor 3: A Search for Periodic Variations
1998 BENEDICT F. MCARTHUR B., NELAN E., STORY D., WHIPPLE A., SHELUS P., JEFFERYS W., HEMENWAY P., FRANZ O., WASSERMAN L., R. L. DUNCOMBE R., W. VAN ALTENA W. & L. W. FREDRICK L.
Astron. J., 116, 429
paper   ADS

A possible companion to Proxima Centauri
1998 SCHULTZ A., HART H., HERSHEY J., HAMILTON F., KOCHTE M., BRUHWEILER F., BENEDICT G., CALDWELL J., CUNNINGHAM C., NAILONG WU., FRANZ O., KEYES C. & BRANDT J.
Astron. J., 115, 345
paper  

Parallaxes, Proper Motions and Low-mass Companion Detection Limits for Proxima Centauri and Barnard's Star
1997 BENEDICT F., McARTHUR B., JEFFERYS W., NELAN E., van ALTENA W. et al.
BAAS, 29, 1316
ADS